He must have been to Shanghai.
4 .must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。
5.二者的否定意义不大相同.Mustn’t表“禁止”, don’t have to(=needn’t)表没有必要。例如： Yon mustn’t go.你可不要去。
You don’t have to go.你不必去。
6.询问对方的意愿时应用must。例如： Must I clean all the room?
五. will和would
1. 表示请求、建议等，would 比will委婉客气. Would you pass me the salt?
2.表示意志、愿望和决心。I will never do that again.
They asked us if we would do that again.
3.表示习惯动作。 Fish will die without water.
4.表示预言。Oil will float on water.
5.用“will be”和“will十have十过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
6.Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式。并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week.
7.表料想或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
8.would like; Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
9. Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake?
10. 否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
六.Shall, should 和ought to
1. shall用于第一人称表示征求对方的意见： What shall we do next?
2. shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中.表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Shall we begin our meeting? When shall we leave the hospital?
3. shall用于第二 、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。You shall fail if you don’t work harder.(警告) ; He shall have a book when I finish reading (允诺); He shall be punished.(威胁)
4. 表示推测或可能。 They should finish the work by now.
5. should表示劝告、义务、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中。通常用should代替ought to。We should learn some English. You should go to class right away. Should I open the window?
注意： should的含义较多，用法灵活。现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面句子： I should think it would be better to try it again.我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken. I should say.依我看，你是搞错了。
I should advise you not to do that我倒是劝你别这样做。
This is something I should have liked to ask you.这是我本来想问你的。
从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
此外,Why / How_+ should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到以外、赞叹、愤怒、惊异等感情，意思为“竟会”。例如：
Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来这么晚?
--Where is Betty living? Betty住哪儿? --How should I?我怎么回知道。
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
6. should表示允许。It should be ready at noon.
7. should +have +过去分词, 表示应该做而实际上没有做到.
You should have started earlier.
8. should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go? ---Yes. I think he ought to.
9. 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
七.need和dare
1.need表示 “需要或 必须”。作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to，或should代替。例如：
You needn’t come so early.
--Need I finish the work today? --Yes，you must / No, you needn't..
注意needn’t+不定式的完成式，表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。
You needn’t have waited for me.
2.dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑同句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。How dare you say I’m unfair.
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3.dare和need常作实义动词。有时态、人称和数的变化.所不同的是作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在否定和疑问同中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。I dare to swim across this river. He does not dare(to)answer. Don’t you dare(to)touch it! I wondered he dare(to)say that. He needs to finish it this evening.
4. need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动：need doing = need to be done
八. had better表示"最好"
1 . had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth ; had better not do sth 如：
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog.
2. had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
九 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do; would rather not do
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