C. He was punished by the gods. D. Many wind-house flags were flying.
3. According to the passage, the origin of the wind-horse flag is based on ________.
A. a historical event B. an ancient custom
C. a religious tale D. a vehicle accident
4. Why do people put wind-horse flags on the top of mountains and houses?
A. The wind-house flags are safer there.
B. The wind-house flags can be nearer to the sky.
C. People can see the wind-house flags more clearly.
D. People believe the wind can also chant scripture.
26. Researchers have identified an area in the brain that alerts us in less than a second to an upcoming mistake so we don’t repeat it.
Scientists have long known that mistakes are conducive to learning, suggesting the reason lies in our feeling of surprise which happens as soon as we find out we are wrong. But how the brain manages to learn from mistakes and how quickly it does so have been unknown.
“It’s a bit of a cliché (陈词滥调) to say that we learn more from our mistakes than our successes,” said lead author of the study Andy Wills, a psychologist at the University of Exeter, “but for the first time we’ve found just how quickly the brain works to help us avoid repeating errors.”
The scientists monitored the brain activity of a group of volunteers as they made predictions based on information read on a computer screen. Then, they were given new information that made many of the predictions incorrect. The participants had to learn from the mistake in order to recognize the error next time around.
The researchers measured activity in the lower region of the brain, near the temples(太阳穴), which is responsible for processing visual information. “By monitoring activity in the brain as it occurs, we were able to identify the moment at which this mechanism comes into action,” Wills said. Activity increased immediately after the individual saw the new information appear on the computer screen — within 0.1 seconds — before there was time for any conscious consideration.
Most previous research had focused on the brain’s frontal lobes (额叶), which are associated with complex thought processes, such as planning and conscious decision-making. This study, announced recently and published in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, indicates the brain reacts to mistakes before information even gets processed consciously. The scientists call it an “early warning signal” from a lower region of the brain.
1. What does the text mainly tell us?
A. Brain can quickly warn us of potential errors.
B. Brain manages information in different ways.
C. Study has found why people make mistakes.
D. Study has proved any mistake can be avoided.
2. The underlined word “conducive” in Para. 2 probably means “______”.
A. necessary B. helpful C. particular D. harmful
3. According to the text, the frontal lobes ______.
A. prevent us from making repeated mistakes
B. oversee thought processes in the brain
C. have nothing to do with making mistakes
D. have something to do with processing conscious information
4. It can be inferred from the text that one key to the study is ______.
A. the volunteers’ brain is in good health
B. the mistake first impresses the volunteers
C. many of the volunteers predict wrongly
D. information is showed on a computer screen
5. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the text?
A. We have known how quickly our brains work to help us avoid repeating mistakes.
B. It’s well known that mistakes benefit us more than successes do.
C. Mistakes are always recognized before conscious consideration.
D. A lower region of the brain is the reporter of possible mistakes.
27. The year 2009 is the Year of Ox. The ox is a representative of the farming culture of China. In the farming economy (经济), oxen are the major animals pulling plows (犁).
Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as “boats_on_land” for their ability to carry loads. Besides, the whole body of an ox is full of treasures. Their meat and milk are food full of nutrition, and their skin can be used to make clothes and shoes. With all these qualities, oxen are regarded as generous creatures.
In the past, oxen played an important role in the spiritual life of the Chinese. Even today, oxen still play a special part in some folk activities. For example, some people who live in southwest China will cook cattle bone soup and share it among family members when holding the ceremony for children who reach 13. They believe that the cattle bone soup represents the blood relationship among family members. In order to express their love for oxen, people in some other areas will run to shake off diseases on the 16th day of the first month by the lunar calendar (农历), and during their run they will take their oxen along，which indicates they regard the creature as human.
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