答案:C
五.完成句子
1. 两家机构为了帮助贫穷儿童联合举办了一场慈善活动。)
The two organizations ______ _____ to hold a charity event for the poor children.
2. 这些新的挖掘方法加快了伦敦地铁的发展步伐。(accelerate the pace of)
These new ways of digging ___ ___ ___ ___the London underground’s development.
3. 一般说来,人们喜欢买各种各样的减价商品。(discount)
_________ _____ , people like to buy all kinds of things _____ ____ ________.
4. 因缺乏交流而引发的家庭问题越来越多。(arise from)
There are more and more family problems ______ ______ ______ _____ ______communication
5. 由于不知道坐哪路车,她向我们求助。(not knowing)
Not knowing which bus to take, she ______ ________ ______ _________ _________.
六.语法应用
非谓语动词 v-ing形式作定语
1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题
2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
3. 某些情况下,定语不能用v-ing形式,必须用定语从句。
① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生,如两者不能同时发生的话,则需使用定语从句。
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语,不作定语。
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定语
1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候,每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示: 如要表示强调,单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. 带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语,在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千名学生出席了。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来,并作为法官就座。
v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1.及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系,及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。
The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2.不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行,而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起了的太阳
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶
不及物动词-ed形式只表示完成的意义,并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新来的客人
As adverbs
v-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语,修饰动词,其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1 表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...)
3 表示结果,相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)
4 表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...
6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明,相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。
1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely examined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康,他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
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