经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要 由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
11. 现在完成时
意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态
句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
1 、规则动词：
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型: cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
let let let
AAB型: beat beat beaten
ABA型: become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情况: read read read
read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB型: bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
find found found
hear heard heard
keep kept kept
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型: begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
用法:
(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注(超重要)：瞬间动词(buy, die, join, lose……)不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词
1.have代替buy: My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
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